Injection Vulnerabilities

Large Language Model (LLM) based web agents (such as those built using the BrowserUse scaffold) are vulnerable to Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI) attacks when autonomously navigating and processing untrusted web content. Unlike standard Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), this vulnerability occurs when the LLM orchestrator consumes the DOM or visual screenshots of a webpage containing concealed or contextually disguised adversarial instructions. The LLM interprets these embedded text strings as…

LLM agent frameworks that rely on external or marketplace-distributed skills are vulnerable to supply-chain payload execution and confused deputy attacks. Attackers can inject malicious skills into agent registries by exploiting the fundamental skill architecture (applicability conditions, policies, and interfaces). By manipulating skill metadata and applicability predicates, attackers force the agent to retrieve and activate the malicious skill across broad task categories. Malicious…

Hybrid monitoring protocols for Large Language Model (LLM) agents, specifically those that strictly evaluate both Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning and tool usage (such as LlamaFirewall's AlignmentCheck and Extract-and-Evaluate monitors), are vulnerable to "Agent-as-a-Proxy" indirect prompt injection attacks. Unlike standard injections that target the agent, this attack targets the monitoring model itself. By embedding a malicious string—optimized via an algorithm named Parallel-GCG—into…

A vulnerability exists in LLM-based coding agents that implement modular capability extensions (often referred to as "Agent Skills") where the agent dynamically loads and executes user-provided skill packages. The vulnerability allows for Skill-Based Prompt Injection, specifically leveraging a technique known as "SkillJect." This attack decouples the malicious intent from the operational payload to bypass semantic safety filters. An attacker constructs a skill package containing: 1. Inducement…

A vulnerability exists in the handling of chat templates within open-weight Large Language Model (LLM) distribution formats, specifically GGUF files. Chat templates are executable Jinja2 programs stored as metadata (typically tokenizer.chat_template) alongside model weights. An attacker can modify a legitimate model's template to include conditional logic that detects specific trigger phrases in user input. When triggered, the template injects malicious system instructions or context into the…

A detection bypass vulnerability in the 2-Sigma clinical training platform allows users to evade the system's two-layer, linguistic-feature-based jailbreak detection mechanism. The detection framework relies heavily on four surface-level linguistic features (Professionalism, Medical Relevance, Ethical Behavior, and Contextual Distraction) to classify malicious inputs. Attackers can bypass these filters by crafting prompts that maintain professional tone and apparent medical relevance but…

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems deployed in clinical workflows are vulnerable to direct and indirect (RAG-mediated) medical prompt injection attacks. Attackers can embed malicious instructions within user queries or external retrieved documents (such as poisoned clinical guidelines or PDFs). By exploiting "authority framing" (e.g., formatting the payload as a clinical guideline update or an editor's note), the injections successfully bypass generic…

Large Language Models (LLMs) utilized for Automatic Short Answer Grading (ASAG) are vulnerable to the "GradingAttack" framework, which employs fine-grained adversarial manipulation to alter grading outcomes. Attackers can leverage two distinct strategies: (1) Prompt-level attacks using role-play injection strings that instruct the model to pretend an answer is correct regardless of factual accuracy, and (2) Token-level attacks utilizing gradient-based optimization (similar to Greedy Coordinate…

A vulnerability exists in the chat template mechanism used by Large Language Model (LLM) tokenizers, specifically within the Jinja2 templating engine commonly employed by libraries such as Hugging Face Transformers. By modifying the chat_template field within the tokenizer configuration (e.g., tokenizer_config.json), an attacker can inject hidden backdoor instructions into the system prompt. These instructions are concatenated with legitimate user inputs during the tokenization process…

Large Language Models (LLMs) aligned via standard Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) or Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) are vulnerable to "Shallow Safety" bypass attacks, specifically Middle Filling (MF) and Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) attacks. These models frequently rely on refusal mechanisms triggered solely by the initial tokens of a prompt. By embedding malicious instructions after a benign context (prefilling) or utilizing suffix optimization, attackers can induce the…