Attack Context

Black-box Research

Attacks requiring no knowledge of model internals

736 matching entries

Black-box research results

736 entries

LLM Soft Hate Policy Bypass

Published 1/1/2026

Analyzed 2/21/2026

Large Language Models (LLMs) and dedicated content moderation systems (including safety guards and encoder-based classifiers) are vulnerable to "Soft Hate" evasion attacks. This vulnerability arises when hostile standpoints are encoded through defeasible reasoning structures—specifically formalized by the Argumentum Model of Topics (AMT)—rather than explicit lexical toxicity. Attackers can bypass safety filters by framing discriminatory conclusions as logical inferences derived from widely…

SoftHateBench: Evaluating Moderation Models Against Reasoning-Driven, Policy-Compliant Hostility

Evaluated models: HateBERT, HateRoBERTa, Llama Guard 3 1B +7 more

Source: arXiv

LLM Virtual Criminal Agents

Published 1/1/2026

Analyzed 3/8/2026

A vulnerability exists in the safety alignment of state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs) when deployed as autonomous agents in dynamic, interactive environments. While current safety guardrails effectively block static, single-turn harmful queries, they fail to prevent multi-step emergent criminal behavior in agentic loops. When situated in an open-ended sandbox simulation (such as the VirtualCrime framework), these LLMs successfully bypass alignment to proactively plan, coordinate, and…

VirtualCrime: Evaluating Criminal Potential of Large Language Models via Sandbox Simulation

Evaluated models: GPT-4.1 2025-04-14, GPT-5 Chat 2025-10-03, Claude Haiku 4.5 20251001 +5 more

Source: arXiv

LLM Watermark Translation Bypass

Published 1/1/2026

Analyzed 2/22/2026

Token-level embedding-time watermarking algorithms, specifically KGW (Kirchenbauer et al.) and Exponential Sampling (EXP, Kuditipudi et al.), when implemented in Large Language Models (LLMs) for Bangla text generation, are vulnerable to watermark erasure via cross-lingual round-trip translation (RTT) attacks. While these methods achieve high detection accuracy (>88%) under benign conditions, translating watermarked Bangla text to English and back to Bangla causes detection accuracy to collapse…

BanglaLorica: Design and Evaluation of a Robust Watermarking Algorithm for Large Language Models in Bangla Text Generation

Evaluated models: Llama 3 8B

Source: arXiv

MCP Server-Side Injection

Published 1/1/2026

Analyzed 2/22/2026

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) specification v1.0 contains fundamental architectural vulnerabilities enabling server-side prompt injection and privilege escalation. The protocol relies on bidirectional sampling (sampling/createMessage) without cryptographic origin authentication or UI distinction, allowing connected servers to inject content that the LLM backend interprets as legitimate user input. Additionally, the protocol lacks isolation boundaries between concurrent server connections…

Breaking the Protocol: Security Analysis of the Model Context Protocol Specification and Prompt Injection Vulnerabilities in Tool-Integrated LLM Agents

Evaluated models: GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, Llama 3.1 70B

Source: arXiv

MLLM Chart Deception

Published 1/1/2026

Analyzed 2/21/2026

Code-generation Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are vulnerable to directed misuse for the generation of misleading data visualizations. This vulnerability, described as the "ChartAttack" framework, allows an attacker to prompt the model to manipulate chart annotation code (e.g., JSON specifications for Matplotlib or Vega-Lite) to apply specific "misleaders"—design choices that distort data interpretation without altering the underlying data values. By…

ChartAttack: Testing the Vulnerability of LLMs to Malicious Prompting in Chart Generation

Evaluated models: Qwen 2.5 14B, LLaVA 7B, Phi-3

Source: arXiv

MLLM Over-Reasoning Safety Risk

Published 1/1/2026

Analyzed 2/21/2026

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) exhibit a vulnerability to "Reasoning-based Multi-Image Attacks," where safety guardrails are bypassed by distributing harmful intent across multiple images (2–4 inputs). Unlike single-image jailbreaks that rely on visual obfuscation, this vulnerability exploits the model's reasoning capabilities. By presenting images that share a specific relationship (e.g., Temporal Jump, Spatial Juxtaposition, or Causality), an attacker can compel the model to infer…

The Side Effects of Being Smart: Safety Risks in MLLMs' Multi-Image Reasoning

Evaluated models: GPT-4o, GPT-4o Mini, Gemini 1.5 Pro +11 more

Source: arXiv

Macaronic T2I Jailbreak

Published 1/1/2026

Analyzed 3/8/2026

Text-to-Image (T2I) models and their associated safety filters are vulnerable to MacPrompt, a black-box jailbreak technique that exploits cross-lingual embedding alignments. Attackers can bypass input text filters, latent representation filters, and model-level concept removal defenses by replacing sensitive keywords with "macaronic" substitutes. These substitutes are constructed by extracting and recombining character-level substrings from translations of the target word across multiple…

MacPrompt: Maraconic-guided Jailbreak against Text-to-Image Models

Evaluated models: DALL-E, Stable Diffusion

Source: arXiv

Malicious Algorithm Design Jailbreak

Published 1/1/2026

Analyzed 2/20/2026

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit a safety alignment bypass vulnerability when processing requests for intelligent optimization algorithm design. Unlike direct requests for malicious code (e.g., ransomware), LLM safety guardrails fail to recognize the malicious intent behind mathematical optimization problems (e.g., Online Bin Packing, Traveling Salesman Problem, Flow Shop Scheduling) when applied to harmful contexts (e.g., optimizing botnet traffic routing, scheduling fake review posts for…

Overlooked Safety Vulnerability in LLMs: Malicious Intelligent Optimization Algorithm Request and its Jailbreak

Evaluated models: GPT-4o, GPT-5, o3 +10 more

Source: arXiv

Metacognitive Prompting Lowers Resistance

Published 1/1/2026

Analyzed 2/22/2026

Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to multi-turn persuasive conversational attacks that induce the adoption of counterfactual beliefs. By leveraging the Source–Message–Channel–Receiver (SMCR) communication framework, attackers can systematically erode a model's confidence in established facts and compel the model to output misinformation. Specific attack vectors include manipulating source attribution (authority framing), message content (logical, credibility, or emotional appeals)…

Vulnerability of LLMs' Belief Systems? LLMs Belief Resistance Check Through Strategic Persuasive Conversation Interventions

Evaluated models: GPT-4o, Llama 3.2 3B, Llama 3.3 70B +2 more

Source: arXiv

Misleading Option Injection

Published 1/1/2026

Analyzed 3/8/2026

Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed using Multiple-Choice Question Answering (MCQA) interfaces or choice-based selection structures are vulnerable to Option Injection. By appending a task-irrelevant candidate choice (e.g., Option E) containing a steering directive—specifically utilizing threat framing (penalty coercion) or bonus framing (reward inducement)—an attacker can hijack the model's decision-making process. The vulnerability stems from a flaw in attention allocation: the model's…

OI-Bench: An Option Injection Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Susceptibility to Directive Interference

Evaluated models: GPT-5, GPT-5 Mini, Claude Haiku 4.5 +9 more

Source: arXiv

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